ANXIETY DISORDER

Anxiety is a normal and often necessary human response to stress or perceived danger. It becomes a clinical concern when it is excessive, persistent, and interferes with daily functioning. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), anxiety disorders are defined by intense fear or worry that is out of proportion to the actual threat and is difficult to control.

There are several distinct types of anxiety disorders, each with its own symptoms and patterns:

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Characterized by chronic and excessive worry about a wide range of everyday issues (health, finances, relationships) that is difficult to control and persists for at least six months. Physical symptoms may include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.

• Panic Disorder: Marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden periods of intense fear or discomfort with symptoms like heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and fear of losing control or dying. Often leads to avoidance behaviors.

• Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia): Involves intense fear of social situations where one might be judged, embarrassed, or scrutinized. It can lead to avoidance of speaking, eating, or interacting in public settings.

• Specific Phobias: Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals) that leads to avoidance and distress.

• Separation Anxiety Disorder: More common in children but can occur in adults, involving excessive fear about being away from attachment figures.

• Agoraphobia: Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available—often related to public spaces, crowds, or being alone outside the home.

• Selective Mutism: Typically diagnosed in children, this involves the inability to speak in certain social situations despite speaking comfortably in others.